A discriminated union involving `undefined | number` does not function as intended

Assuming strictNullChecks are enabled, why does the third example presented below result in an error?

declare const first: undefined | number
const firstNumber: number = first === undefined ? 4 : first

declare const second: { value: undefined } | { value: number }
const secondNumber: number = second.value === undefined ? 4 : second.value

declare const third: { type: undefined, value: undefined } | { type: number, value: number }
const thirdNumber: number = third.type === undefined ? 4 : third.value

If I modify the third example as follows:

declare const third: { type: undefined, value: undefined } | { type: 'x', value: number }
const thirdNumber: number = third.type === undefined ? 4 : third.value

by changing the discriminated union to be between 'x' | undefined instead of number | undefined, everything seems to work correctly.

Answer №1

The special functionality being utilized here involves tagged (or discriminated) unions. As explained on the corresponding page:

A discriminant property type guard is an expression in the format of x.p == v, x.p === v, x.p != v, or x.p !== v, where p and v represent a property and an expression consisting of either a string literal type or a combination of string literal types. The discriminant property type guard limits the type of x to only those constituent types that possess a discriminant property p with one of the potential values of v.

This functionality is designed to be used with literal types. Although the description specifically mentions string literal types, it has since been expanded to include any form of literal type. Thus, the following example remains valid:

declare const thirdx: { type: undefined, value: undefined } | { type: 1, value: number }
const thirdNumberx: number = thirdx.type === undefined ? 4 : thirdx.value

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