Concerns regarding Zod Schema Enhancements and Conditional Logic in TypeScript

I'm currently developing a robust Zod validation schema for an input field that handles product names. This schema needs to be able to adapt to various validation requirements, such as minimum/maximum length and the inclusion of special characters.

Below is a simplified version of the schema:

  const { minLength = 3, maxLength = 50, allowSpecialCharacters = false, required = true } = options || {};

  let schema = z.string({ required_error: `${displayName} is required` });

  if (required) {
    schema = schema.min(minLength, { message: `${displayName} must be at least ${minLength} characters long` });
  }

  schema = schema.max(maxLength, { message: `${displayName} must be less than ${maxLength} characters` });

  if (!allowSpecialCharacters) {
    schema = schema.refine((value) => /^[a-zA-Z0-9\s]*$/.test(value), {
      message: `${displayName} must not contain special characters`
    });
  }

  return schema.trim();
}

However, I've run into a TypeScript error when trying to reassign 'schema' within the conditional statements:

Type 'ZodEffects<ZodString, string, string>' is missing the following properties from type 'ZodString': _regex, _addCheck, email, url, and 39 more.ts(2740)
let schema: z.ZodString

It appears that after applying 'refine', Zod returns a 'ZodEffects' type instead of 'ZodString', causing a type mismatch. How can I conditionally chain these refinements while maintaining proper type compatibility? Any suggestions or insights would be greatly appreciated!

Answer №1

The reason you're facing this issue is because when you use .refine(), the schema type changes to ZodEffects. It's important to note that ZodEffects is a general schema type and doesn't have specific methods like .min(), .max(), .email(), etc. So if your schema is defined as

schema: ZodString  | ZodEffects<string,..>
, you will encounter issues when trying to call other utility methods. The maintainer has acknowledged this in an issue, and mentions that it will be addressed in Zod 4.

However, there is a solution. Instead of using .refine(), you can utilize the method .regex() which is available in ZodString and does not change the type. Simply update your special character check like this:

// ....
  if (!allowSpecialCharacters) {
    schema = schema.regex(/^[a-zA-Z0-9\s]*$/, {
      message: `${displayName} must not contain special characters`
    });
  }

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