Create generic functions that prioritize overloading with the first generic type that is not included in the parameters

I encountered an issue while utilizing generic overload functions, as demonstrated below in the playground.

The generic type T1 is solely used in the return type and not the parameters. Therefore, when attempting to use overload #2, I am required to specify all the types like f<string, string>('123'), which can sometimes be impractical. Is there a way to make f<string>('123') match overload #2?

function f<T1, T2>(t2: T2): T1
function f<T1>(): T1

function f<T1, T2>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}

f<string, string>('123') // works fine
f<string>()              // works fine
f<string>('123')         // error occurs here, is there a way to avoid using f<string, string>('123') ?

function f<T1, T2>(t2: T2): T1
function f<T1>(): T1

function f<T1, T2>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}

f < string, {id: number}>({id: 123})  // works fine
f<string>()                           // works fine
f<string>({id:123})                   // TypeScript raises an issue here, can we address it without using f<string, string>({id:123}) ?

playground

Answer №1

If you need a fallback option for T2, you can set it to either unknown or any:

function f<T1, T2 = unknown>(t2: T2): T1
function f<T1>(): T1

function f<T1, T2>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}

Alternatively, you could simplify things by using one declaration that covers all scenarios:

function f<T1, T2 = unknown>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}
// or
function f<T1, T2 = any>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}

Answer №2

In cases where you want T2 to be the same as T1, you can set T1 as the default type parameter:

function f<T1>(): T1
function f<T1, T2 extends T1 = T1>(t2: T2): T1
function f<T1, T2>(t2?: T2): T1 | void {
}

f<string, string>('123') // ok
f<string>()              // ok
f<string>('123')         // OK

f<number>(123)         // OK

However, one might question the necessity of having T2 if it defaults to T1. Wouldn't it be simpler to just use T1? Having type parameters that only appear in one position could raise doubts. Type parameters typically serve to establish relationships between parameters or between parameters and return types.

Considering this perspective, a more streamlined version of the function could be:


function f<T1>(): T1
function f<T1>(t2: T1): T1
function f<T1>(t2?: T1): T1 | void {
}

f<string>()              // ok
f('123')         // OK

f(123)         // OK

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