Creating a function with a type signature that is determined by the types of its inputs

Encountering a rather peculiar scenario with TypeScript. I have made efforts to create a concise example to allow easy testing in the TypeScript Playground.

  • A type named BaseA exists, which may possess different structures based on one of its type arguments.
  • There is also a type labeled DFunction, representing a function that accepts objects of type BaseA.
  • The return type of DFunction should vary depending on the type of BaseA received by it.
type BaseA<P, Special=false> = {
    payload: P;
} & Special extends true ? {_special:true} : {};

type DFunction = {
    <A extends BaseA<any, false>>(a: A): A;
    <A extends BaseA<any, true>>(a: A): Promise<A>;
};

function test(
    d: DFunction,
    normalA: BaseA<{x:number}, false>,
    specialA: BaseA<{x:number}, true>
) {
    // As we pass a `specialA` to `d`, the expected return type should be a Promise.
    d(specialA).then(() => {});
}

Playground URL

Encountering an error on the last line due to TypeScript not recognizing that d(specialA) returns a Promise. How can I define DFunction in a way that links its return type to its input type?

It's worth mentioning that this approach works for simpler examples:

type DFunction = {
    <A extends string>(a: A): A;
    <A extends number>(a: A): Promise<A>;
};

function test(
    d: DFunction
) {
    d(5).then(() => {}); // no errors
    const b = d("5"); // `b` inferred as type `string`
}

Answer №1

The issue arises because BaseA<P, true> is considered a subtype of BaseA<P, false>>, and the overload signature for the supertype is placed before the one for the subtype. In situations where both overload signatures are valid, Typescript will not prioritize the "most specific" one but will instead opt for the first encountered.

To resolve this, there are two potential solutions: reordering the overload signatures as shown below,

type DFunction = {
    <A extends BaseA<any, true>>(a: A): Promise<A>;
    <A extends BaseA<any, false>>(a: A): A;
};

Alternatively, you can modify the definition of BaseA to ensure that BaseA<P, true> is not compatible with BaseA<P, false>. This can be achieved by:

type BaseA<P, Special=false> = {
    payload: P;
} & (Special extends true ? {_special: true} : {_special?: undefined});

Playground Link

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