From broad to specialized category

My goal is to inherit a class and modify its dynamic type to collapse into a specific type (from T to Person).

In order to demonstrate this, I have created some dummy classes:

class Person {
    constructor(public name: string){}
}

class Base<T> {
    reference?: T
    name: string

    constructor(name: string) {
        //  Assign properties from T to this
        this.name = name
    }

    static fromObject<T extends { name: string }>(object: T){
        const base = new Base(object.name)
        base.reference = object
        return base
    }
}

class Master<T> extends Base<T> {

    static fromBase<T>(base: Base<T>){
        const master = new Master(base.name)
        master.reference = base.reference
        return master
    }

    static fromObject<T extends { name: string }>(object: T){
        return Master.fromBase(Base.fromObject(object))
    }
}

class PersonMaster extends Master<Person>  {

    constructor(person: Person){
        super(person.name)
        this.reference = person
    }

    static fromBase(base: Base<Person>){
        return new PersonMaster(base)
    }
}

The issue arises when the compiler returns an error message stating that Class static side typeof PersonMaster incorrectly extends base class static side typeof Master. The properties of fromBase are not compatible. The Type

(base: Base<Person>) => PersonMaster
cannot be assigned to
<T>(base: Base<T>) => Master<>
. This is due to incompatibility between types of parameters base and base, as well as the fact that Base<T> is not assignable to Base<Person> because T does not match with type Person.

Answer №1

The definition of the fromBase function inside the Master class is generic:

static fromBase<T>(base: Base<T>)

This concept involves universal quantification, meaning that the fromBase function should be able to work with any type T. However, if you try to specialize the argument as Base<Person> in the PersonMaster, it will result in an error because this implementation of fromBase does not cater to all possible types T, only specifically for Person. Therefore, the type parameters of a method being overridden must align with those declared in the original method.

To clarify further, the T defined in fromBase is distinct from the one present in the enclosing scope, despite sharing the same name. This distinction becomes clearer when using different names for the two type parameters:

class Master<T> extends Base<T> {
    static fromBase<U>(base: Base<U>) { /* ... */ }
}

In your scenario, there seems to be a confusion between utilizing the existing (rigid) T from Master or introducing a new (higher-rank) T. Unfortunately, due to TypeScript limitations, directly achieving this through a static method is not feasible. As a workaround, you can convert the method into an instance method within another object:

interface MasterFactory<T> {
    fromBase(base: Base<T>): Master<T>
}
class PersonMasterFactory implements MasterFactory<Person> {
    fromBase(base: Base<Person>): Master<Person> { /* ... */ }
}
let personMasterFactory = new PersonMasterFactory();

Following this design approach, calls intended for PersonMaster.fromBase would instead be directed to personMasterFactory.fromBase.

Attempting to override a static method brings about peculiar implications. Method overriding primarily revolves around dynamically dispatching calls based on the receiver's type, yet a static method lacks a specific receiver. The nature of a static method inherently eliminates the need for dynamic dispatch!

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