Idiosyncratic TypeScript behavior: Extending a class with comparable namespace structure

Lately, I've been working on creating a type library for a JavaScript written library. As I was defining all the namespaces, classes, and interfaces, I encountered an error TS2417 with some of the classes. I double-checked for any issues with method or property overrides but couldn't pinpoint the problem. After some investigation, I realized that the problematic class had the same name as one of the namespaces (e.g., class A.B and namespace A.B). Interestingly, this naming conflict did not initially cause any problems. However, the issue arose from the parent class of the problematic class, which shared the same name as both the problematic class and its namespace. Furthermore, these conflicting names were associated with another class within each respective namespace that had different interfaces. It may be difficult to convey the complexity of the issue, so here is a simulation.

Therefore, the question arises: what is causing this issue?

In the provided example, the troubled class is A.C, facing compatibility issues due to conflicting constructors in classes A.C.X and A.B.X.

declare namespace A {
  class B {

  }

  namespace B {
    class X {

    }
  }

  class C extends A.B {

  }

  namespace C {
    class X {
      constructor(x: number)
    }
  }
}

Answer №1

(I will omit the namespace A in the following discussion)

Except for the construct signature, the static part of a class is evaluated for substitutability just like the instance part; therefore, if you have

class X { static prop: string = "" }
, you cannot have
class Y extends X { static prop: number = 2}
. When you declare class Y extends X, it means that, among other things, Y.prop can be assigned to X.prop. For more details, refer to microsoft/TypeScript#4628. Not everyone may agree with this constraint, but it exists.


This implies the following should function without errors:

const X: typeof B.X = C.X; // should work fine
new X(); // should work fine

However, an actual implementation of your classes might potentially cause a runtime error:

class B {
  static X = class { }
}

class C extends B {
  static X = class {
    constructor(x: number) {
      x.toFixed();
    }
  }
}

In this case, C.X is a class constructor that requires a number input. But B.X is a class constructor that does not require any input at all. If you treat the former as the latter, then during runtime, you will attempt to call the toFixed() method on undefined. Oops.

This is why class C extends B results in a compiler error; it is designed to prevent issues related to substitutability emerging from the static side of a class.

Playground link to code

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