Testing Angular Singleton Service with Unit Tests

I have been tackling a unit test in Angular related to a singleton service. Specifically, I have a UserService that is declared as a singleton in the root module of the application. My goal is to create a unit test that verifies whether the instance of UserService remains consistent across the entire application. I have attempted the following approach, but it primarily focuses on checking the component and Testbed instance. Is there a way to write a single unit test that covers all the feature modules and ensures that we maintain the same instance? Any guidance would be greatly appreciated.

import { TestBed, ComponentFixture, inject } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { LoginComponent } from './login.component';
import { AuthService } from "./auth.service";

class MockAuthService extends AuthService {
   isAuthenticated() {
       return 'Mocked';
   }
}

describe('Component: Login', () => {

let component: LoginComponent;
let fixture: ComponentFixture<LoginComponent>;
let testBedService: AuthService;
let componentService: AuthService;

beforeEach(() => {

    // Refine the test module by declaring the test component
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
        declarations: [LoginComponent],
        providers: [AuthService]
    });

    // Configure the component with a different set of Providers
    TestBed.overrideComponent(
        LoginComponent,
        { set: { providers: [{ provide: AuthService, useClass: MockAuthService }] } }
    );

    // Create the component and the test fixture
    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(LoginComponent);

    // Get the test component from the fixture
    component = fixture.componentInstance;

    // AuthService provided to the TestBed
    testBedService = TestBed.get(AuthService);

    // AuthService provided by the Component (should return MockAuthService)
    componentService = fixture.debugElement.injector.get(AuthService);
});

it('Service injected via inject(...) and TestBed.get(...) should be the same instance',
    inject([AuthService], (injectService: AuthService) => {
        expect(injectService).toBe(testBedService);
    })
);

});

Answer №1

In my opinion, it is best to avoid testing the framework itself.

By using the

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
decorator on the service type, you ensure that every component or service requiring an instance will receive the same instance. Starting from Angular 6 (or was it 5?), there is usually no need to add providers for services in your modules as the default behavior with providedIn fulfills this requirement. For more information, refer to https://angular.io/guide/providers.

The assurance of every provided service being resolved as a singleton is based on the Unit tests of the Injector, rather than being guaranteed by your own tests. When running unit tests, a different Dependency Injection infrastructure is used compared to the application runtime, making your tests ineffective in this scenario.

It is impossible to prevent someone in the codebase from adding a

{ provide: AuthService, useClass: AuthService }
and creating another instance of AuthService.

Depending on your specific needs:

  • If you require certainty that only one instance is created, stick with providedIn: 'root', remove all provider declarations in feature modules, and the default behavior will suffice.
  • If you want to ensure that the constructor is run only once throughout the application and are willing to risk runtime errors (this cannot be caught at compile time due to the reasons mentioned earlier), you can add an assertion:
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class AuthService {
  private static initialized = false;

  constructor() {
    if (isDevMode() && AuthService.initialized) {
      throw new Error('AuthService: instance already initialized');
    }

    AuthService.initialized = true;
  }

}

Just remember, this is not something to be unit tested.

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