The challenge of extending a TypeScript generic to accept an Array type with unrelated elements

I have a function that resembles the following mock:

// All properties in this type are optional.
interface MyType {
  a?: string
}

// The return result type of `cb` is kept as the final result type.
const f = <T extends ReadonlyArray<MyType>>(cb: (() => T)): T => cb()

const myTests1 = f(() => [1, {}]) // no error, but it really should
const myTests2 = f(() => [{}]) // no error
const myTests3 = f(() => [{}] as const) // no error
const myTests4 = f(() => [1]) // error
const myTests5 = f(() => [1, {}] as const) // error

TypeScript playground link

The purpose of the cb function is to only return items that match the MyType. The f function acts as a type-safe data model builder for users to declare complex MyType with safety.

While TypeScript focuses on duck typing rather than strict JS types (for example, no error when assigning const x: {} = 1), I noticed my typing issue vanished if any property in MyType was required.

My questions are:

  • Why does the TS compiler accept myTest1 but not myTests4 or myTests5?
  • Is there a way to redefine the typing of the above function to prevent users from returning any non-object items in cb?

Answer №1

The TypeScript type system exhibits some inconsistencies that can sometimes lead to confusion. The concept of assignability/compatibility/subtyping should ideally be transitive, meaning if X extends Y and Y extends Z, then X extends Z should also hold true. However, this principle is not always upheld in TypeScript:

let x: number = 1; 
let y: {} = x; // allowed
let z: { a?: string } = y; // allowed

z = x; // error!

In the example above, while assigning y = x or z = x is permissible, directly assigning z = x triggers an error. This discrepancy is responsible for the unusual behavior you may encounter. The compiler detects widening from number to {a?: string} as problematic, but fails to flag it when there is an intermediate widening to {}.

For instance, in

const myTests1 = f(() => [1, {}]) 

the array literal [1, {}] is inferred by the compiler to have the type {}[]. This falls under the category of inference to the "best common type" between number and {}, which results in {}. Consequently, the issue mentioned earlier emerges.

To mitigate such problems, one solution could involve:

const f = <T extends MyType[]>(
  cb: (() => readonly [...T])
): readonly [...T] => cb()

By replacing T with readonly [...T], a hint is given to infer a variadic tuple type, rather than just T. This tactic ensures that the array literal [1, {}] is recognized as [number, {}] instead of {}[], preserving the number type long enough for the compiler to identify the assignment issue:

const myTests1 = f(() => [1, {}]) // error!
// ---------------------> ~
// Type 'number' has no properties in common with type 'MyType'.

Though this approach makes the problem less likely, it does not eliminate it entirely, as seen in scenarios like:

const myTests6 = f(() => {
  const ret = [1, {}]; // const ret: {}[]
  return ret;
}) // no error

Here, the type inference assigns ret as {}[], disregarding the typing within f(). This limitation underscores how contextual typing struggles to span across lines of code effectively.

Link to Playground Code

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