The concept of overloaded function types in TypeScript

Is it possible to create an overloaded function type without specifying a concrete function? By examining the type of an overloaded function, it appears that using multiple call signatures on an interface or object type is the recommended approach:

function a(input: string): string
function a(input: number): number
function a(input: string | number): string | number {
  return input
}

type A = typeof a

type B = {
  (input: string): string
  (input: number): number
}

const b: B = a // Works fine!

It's also worth noting that defining a union type with the same concept (without requiring a catch-all case for overloads) also functions correctly, with types being interchangeable in both directions!

type C = ((input: number) => number) & ((input: string) => string)

const c: C = b // No issues!

const a2: A = c // Also works without problems!

But how do you go about creating a function that matches this type? Is overloading necessary?

const x: A = (input: string | number) => input

and

const y: A = (input: string | number) => {
  if (typeof input === "number") return input
  if (typeof input === "string") return input
  throw "error"
}

Both attempts result in the same error message:

Type '(input: string | number) => string | number' is not assignable to type '{ (input: string): string; (input: number): number; }'.
  Type 'string | number' is not assignable to type 'string'.
    Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.

This issue persists even when using the less clear union type C

Type '(input: string | number) => string | number' is not assignable to type 'C'.
  Type '(input: string | number) => string | number' is not assignable to type '(input: number) => number'.
    Type 'string | number' is not assignable to type 'number'.
      Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.

Hopefully, there may be a simple fix to my mistake. If not, what are the recommended solutions when needing a function to handle various call signatures with corresponding return types?

Answer №1

To tackle this issue, you can utilize a generic declaration:

type Data = string | number

function test<T extends Data>(info: T): T {
  return info
}

type InfoType = typeof test

type ResultType = {
  (input: string): string
  (input: number): number
}

const result: ResultType = test // Works fine!

type CombinationType = ((input: number) => number) & ((input: string) => string)

const combination: CombinationType = result // No issues here!

const test2: InfoType = combination // Also works perfectly!

When it comes to variables x and y, it's important to note that you should not loosely define the parameter type while expecting the output type to be strictly inferred. If you're specifying x and y as type InfoType, avoid defining the input types for the functions:

const x: InfoType = input => input

const y: InfoType = input => {
  if (typeof input === "number") return input
  if (typeof input === "string") return input
  throw "error"
}

You can see everything in action by testing it out on this TypeScript Playground demo.

Answer №2

If you find yourself needing to define a function with multiple call signatures but are unable to write a single call signature that can cover all the desired options, then you will need to consider overloading or using a type assertion. Don't worry, you aren't overlooking anything important.

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