TypeScript type that accommodates all object interfaces

I have several functions that all take the same type as input but return different types of interfaces. I'd like to define a type that can encompass all these functions, but when I try to do so with:

const f: (arg: number) => Object = func;

I encounter an error:

Type (arg: number) => SomeInterface is not compatible with type (arg: number) => Object

I could simply use (arg: number) => any, but then it defeats the purpose of having strict typing. What I really want is for it to accept any Object and not just a specific interface because I have multiple interfaces.

For example, I am working on communication protocols:

interface splPacket {
    serviceType: number,
    serviceSubType: number,
    satelliteTime: Date,
    data: Buffer
}

function decodeSpl(input: Buffer): splPacket {...}
function encodeSpl(input: splPacket): Buffer {...}

const spl = {
    decode: decodeSpl,
    encode: encodeSpl
};

interface ax25Packet {
    destCallsign: string,
    destSSID: number,
    srcCallsign: string,
    srcSSID: number,
    data: Buffer
}

function decodeAx25(input: Buffer): ax25Packet {...}
function encodeAx25(input: ax25Packet): Buffer {...}

const ax25 = {
    decode: decodeAx25,
    encode: encodeAx25
};


interface commProtocol {
   decode: (input: Buffer): Object;
   encode: (input: Object): Buffer;
};

const protocol: commProtocol = spl;

However, spl and ax25 are not compatible with commProtocol. I need to create an interface that can accommodate all my communication protocol implementations.

What should be my next step?

Answer №1

It seems that the error you mentioned cannot be reproduced exactly as described. In scenarios where we have types X, T, and U, with U extending T, a function in the form of (a: X)=>U should be assignable to a variable annotated as (a: X)=>T, not the other way around. This concept is known as functions being covariant in their output types. For example, (a: number)=>SomeInterface should be assignable to a variable defined as (a: number)=>object. After testing your code snippet in an IDE, I found the error related to the argument type rather than the return type.

const protocol: CommProtocol = spl;
/* Types of property 'encode' are incompatible.
   Type '(input: SplPacket) => Buffer' is not assignable to type '(input: object) => Buffer'.
*/

The issue here lies in the input arguments for the function, not the return types. Once again referring to types X, T, and U, where U extends T, a function like (a: T)=>X should be assigned to a variable annotated as (a: U)=>X, demonstrating contravariance in the input types of functions. Therefore, (a: object)=>Buffer should not be assignable to (a: SplPacket)=>Buffer. This mismatch leads to the error you encountered.

To address this issue while maintaining type safety, consider making the CommProtocol interface generic by specifying the type of object it refers to:

interface CommProtocol<T extends object> {
    decode: (input: Buffer) => T;
    encode: (input: T) => Buffer;
}

This approach allows a CommProtocol instance to operate on any object type specified during instantiation. By using generics, such as CommProtocol<SplPacket> instead of just CommProtocol, you can ensure correct typing and avoid runtime errors.

In cases where manual annotation may be cumbersome, a helper function like asProtocol can automatically infer the appropriate type parameter for each CommProtocol value:

const asProtocol = <T extends object>(t: CommProtocol<T>) => t;

By leveraging generic interfaces and helper functions, you can enforce proper type relationships in your code and prevent potential runtime issues. Best of luck!

Playground Link to code

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