Unveiling the Magic of Typescript's Export/Import Feature

Currently studying Typescript and delving into namespacing, import, and export.

During the creation of my first project, I realized that some classes were accessible in other files even without the export keyword. Yet, a class with an import required export/import to be accessed elsewhere.

Why does this happen? Is it acceptable practice? When exactly is using export mandatory, and when can it be omitted?

I initially believed that all classes and modules had to be export/import, but surprisingly, the code still runs smoothly without them.

class CoordinateModel {
    public x: number;
    public y: number;
    constructor(x: number, y: number) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
}

In another file, it can be utilized like so:

import * as d3 from "d3";

module Mouse {
    export function getMousePosition(container:d3.ContainerElement): CoordinateModel {
        var m = d3.mouse(container);
        return new CoordinateModel(m[0], m[1]);
    }

    export function showMousePositionInElement(elementClassName: string, container: d3.ContainerElement) {
        var m = Mouse.getMousePosition(container);
        d3.select("." + elementClassName).html(m.x + ", " + m.y);
    }
}

export = Mouse;

Answer №1

If a file does not contain any top-level import or export statements, it is considered to be in global scope. This means that all top-level items are accessible everywhere without the need to explicitly import them.

This approach closely resembles the traditional way JavaScript operated before the introduction of ES6 modules. The previous TypeScript module syntax, now referred to as namespace, was used to prevent naming conflicts in global scope. With the advent of new JavaScript (and TypeScript) module syntax utilizing import and export, the preferred method has evolved.

In modern development practices, it is recommended to always use export class CoordinateModel. This ensures that other files must explicitly import it instead of relying on its availability in global scope. In most scenarios, the namespace declaration (such as module Mouse) is not necessary and can be replaced with namespace Mouse using the latest syntax to align with ES6 modules. More information on this topic can be found in the official documentation under Namespaces and Modules.

Answer №2

In TypeScript, a file is considered a module only if something is exported from it. Once you export an item from the file, only those specific exports are accessible and must be imported elsewhere.

For example, in another file (let's call it module.ts for now), you're exporting Mouse. If you were to add another TypeScript file to your project and try to use:

let a = getMousePosition(null);

You would encounter an error because getMousePosition is not defined. To resolve this, you would need to start the new file with an import statement like so:

import { getMousePosition } from "./module";

Exporting a module within module.ts may not serve much purpose in this scenario since you're already exporting it. You could have simply defined a namespace instead. What you're actually exporting are the contents of Mouse, not the Mouse object itself.

If you were to remove the line export = Mouse, then in the other file you would need to write:

let a = Mouse.getMousePosition(...);

And no import statement would be necessary in this case.

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