What are the best practices for incorporating TypeScript into web development projects?

I am currently utilizing express as my server for a straightforward project structured as follows:

.
├── src
│   └── index.html
│   └── index.ts
│   └── three.js
├── main.ts
├── package.json
└── tsconfig.json

The contents of main.js are as below:

import * as express from 'express'

const app = express()

app.use(express.static('src'))

app.listen(80)

In addition, the index.html file consists of only a <title> tag in the <head> section and an empty <body> tag followed by two <script> tags:

<script src='three.js'></script>
<script src='index.js'></script>

The three.js is a library that I aim to use with TypeScript typings. However, I am unsure how to configure my tsconfig.json file in order to successfully run:

$ tsc --project tsconfig.json && node main.js

and achieve the desired outcome. One question that arises is how to include the typings for three.js into my index.ts file?

Answer №1

To start, create a customized ./src/index.d.ts.

Just a side note: The name doesn't really matter as long as it ends in .ts, so names like index.d.ts, global.d.ts, or types.d.ts are commonly used for such files. Don't get confused thinking that index.d.ts directly corresponds to index.ts.

I'm utilizing

"<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="691d011b0c0c295947585b594758">[email protected]</a>"
, and you can find the corresponding declaration file here: Three.d.ts, just to stay on the same page.

Next, insert the following content into the file:

/// <reference types="three" />

declare var THREE: typeof THREE;

That's all you need to do. You can now reference THREE directly in src/index.ts without encountering any errors.

Explanation

The "three" library declares itself as a UMD module. UMD modules offer flexibility in terms of consumption styles – you can choose to expose THREE as a global variable by including <script src='three.js' /> in your HTML instead of using the traditional import/require mechanism.

However, from TypeScript engine's perspective, it still functions as a module, unaware of the presence of <script src='three.js' />. To bridge this gap, you need to provide this information to the TypeScript engine.

Thus, the seemingly redundant declare var THREE: typeof THREE; statement serves this purpose.

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