What are the top tips for creating nested Express.js Queries effectively?

I'm currently exploring Express.js and tackling my initial endpoint creation to manage user registration. The first step involves verifying if the provided username or email address is already in use. After some investigation, I devised the following code snippet:

  // Verify if user_name or email already exist
  pool.query('SELECT CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_name = $1 OR email = $2) THEN CAST(1 AS BIT) ELSE CAST(0 AS BIT) END', [values.user_name, values.email], (error, results) => {
    if (error) {
      throw error
    }

    if (results.rows[0].case === '1') {
      console.log('User already exists, notify client accordingly');
    } else {
      console.log('New user - proceeding with INSERT query');
      pool.query('INSERT INTO users (first_name, last_name, user_name, email, password, last_password, password_salt) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7) RETURNING *', [values.first_name, values.last_name, values.user_name, values.email, values.password, values.password, 'tmp_salt'], (error, results) => {
        if (error) {
          console.error('An error occurred during insertion');
          throw error;
        }
        console.log('Results from INSERT:', results);
        res.status(201).send(`User added with user_id: ${results.rows[0].user_id}`);
      });
    }
  });

The implementation is a work in progress, but I'm wondering if this nested methodology is the most efficient approach? Specifically, checking for user_name and/or email existence before executing the INSERT statement.

What are your thoughts?

Answer №1

Two key questions arise:

  1. Is the approach of checking then inserting correct?

  2. Is nesting the best method to employ?

Is checking then inserting the right approach?

Typically, it is not advisable as it can lead to a race condition:

  • Client A sends
    <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="9af0f5ffdaffe2fbf7eaf6ffb4f9f5f7">[email protected]</a>
    / funkypassword
  • Client B sends
    <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="c7ada8a287a2bfa6aab7aba2e9a4a8aa">[email protected]</a>
    / somethingelse
  • The main thread starts asynchronous checks for both Client A and Client B simultaneously
  • If no existing user is found in either check, insertion occurs consecutively
  • This sequential process may result in a primary or unique key violation error

Instead, set up the database to handle such constraints and proceed with insertions, monitoring errors for constraint violations.

Is nesting the right approach?

While some tasks may avoid multiple DB operations through careful design, many scenarios necessitate nested operations. But is this the most efficient way?

Nesting has traditionally been employed but can lead to complex, hard-to-manage code due to countless levels of callbacks - also known as "callback hell." An alternative modern solution involves using promises and async/await, where logic flows smoothly without deep callback chains.

In situations requiring successive dependencies between operations, nesting might involve intricate setups like the one demonstrated above. Refactoring these into standalone functions offers usability benefits and aids in debugging but does little to alleviate callback complexity.

A promising shift towards utilizing promises and async functions simplifies such operations significantly, providing clearer and more concise code that's easier to maintain and enhance. This streamlined approach becomes even more advantageous when dealing with iterative processes and loops.

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