What is the best way to set up TypeScript interfaces using predefined string literals to limit the possible data types for shared attributes?

In this scenario, we have two interfaces named A and B with validation and variant properties. The goal is to create an Example object by using only the variant and validation values provided (since field is already defined). However, I encountered an error at a specific line of code highlighted below. Can someone please explain why TypeScript is throwing an error in this situation? Are there any TypeScript documentation resources that address this issue?

export interface A {
    field: "Af";
    variant: "A";
    validation: boolean;
}

export interface B {
    field: "Af";
    variant: "B";
    validation: number;
}

export type C = A | B;

const c: C = {
    field: "Af",
    variant: "A",
    validation: false,
};

class Example {
    private data: C;
    constructor(data: C) {
        this.data = data;
    }
}

const test = (type: Omit<C, "field">): Example => {
    const d: C = { // Error occurs here (Please explain why)
        field: "Af",
        ...type,
    };
    const example = new Example(d);
    return example;
};

test({ variant: "A", validation: true }); // No error expected
test({ variant: "B", validation: 1 }); // No error expected
test({ variant: "A", validation: 2 }); // Error expected
test({ variant: "B", validation: true }); // Error expected

The error message received is as follows:

Type '{ variant: "A" | "B"; validation: number | boolean; field: "Af"; }' is not assignable to type 'C'.
  Type '{ variant: "A" | "B"; validation: number | boolean; field: "Af"; }' is not assignable to type 'B'.
    Types of property 'variant' are incompatible.
      Type '"A" | "B"' is not assignable to type '"B"'.
        Type '"A"' is not assignable to type '"B"'.ts(2322)

Answer №1

The Omit function found in the base libraries is not distributive, resulting in an object type that combines the union of variant types and validation types.

To create a distributive version of Omit, you can utilize conditional types like this:

type DistributiveOmit<T, K extends PropertyKey> = 
    T extends T ? Omit<T, K> : never;

const test = (type: DistributiveOmit<C, "field">): Example => {
    const d: C = { // ok
        field: "Af",
        ...type,
    };
    //...
};

Playground Link

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