What is the correct way to implement the Maybe functor in typing?

I've been working on implementing a Maybe functor, inspired by Dr. Frisby's approach. Here is my code:

interface Maybe<T> {
  isNothing: () => boolean;
  map: <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T extends null | undefined ?  Maybe<S> : Maybe<T>;
  join: <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T | S;
  chain: <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T | S;
}

function Maybe<T>(x): Maybe<T> {
  const instance = {};

  const isNothing = () => x === null || x === undefined;
  const map = <S>(fn: (x: T) => S): T extends null | undefined ? Maybe<S> : Maybe<T> => isNothing() ? Maybe<T>(x) : Maybe<S>(fn(x));
  const join = () => isNothing() ? Maybe<T>(x) : x;
  const chain = <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => (instance as Maybe<T>).map(fn).join();

  return Object.assign(instance, { isNothing, map, join, chain });
}

When I try to use the map function, I encounter this error message:

Type 'Maybe<T> | Maybe<S>' is not assignable to type 'T extends null ? Maybe<S> : Maybe<T>'.
  Type 'Maybe<T>' is not assignable to type 'T extends null ? Maybe<S> : Maybe<T>'.

Similarly, in the join function, I am facing this issue:

This expression is not callable.
  Each member of the union type '(<S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T | S) | (<S>(fn: (x: S) => S) => S | S)' has signatures, but none of those signatures are compatible with each other.

I would appreciate any guidance in understanding these errors and finding a solution.

Answer №1

Everything here seems to be a bit off:

map: <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T extends null | undefined ? Maybe<S> : Maybe<T>;

I believe what you intended was:

map: <S>(fn: (x: T) => S) => T extends null | undefined ? Maybe<T> : Maybe<S>;

The main purpose of maybe is to halt computation if T extends null | undefined. In any case, what you are doing is prompting typescript to calculate whether a maybe instance is nothing or not before the program runs. This goes against the essence of using maybe and does not offer any benefits. It would be advisable to craft a type Maybe that clearly distinguishes the existence of a type A from the presence of the null type rather than combining them in one type for map.

Here is an example implementation:

type Some<A> = { _tag: 'some', val: A };
type None = { _tag: 'none' };
// Here we handle the scenario where T extends null | undefined separately
// No need to evaluate it while writing code; just ensure your program handles 'none'
export type Maybe<A> = Some<A> | None;

const Some = <A>(a): Maybe<A> => ({ _tag: 'some', val: a });
const None = <A = unknown>(): Maybe<A> => ({ _tag: 'none' });

const isNone = <A = unknown>(fa: Maybe<A>) => fa._tag === 'none';

// Functions for mapping values inside Maybe containers
const map = <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B, fa: Maybe<A>): Maybe<B> =>
    fa._tag === 'none' ? None() : Some(f(fa.val));

const chain = <A, B>(f: (a: A) => Maybe<B>, fa: Maybe<A>): Maybe<B> =>
    fa._tag === 'none' ? None() : f(fa.val);

export const Maybe = {
    Some,
    None,
    isNone,
    map,
    chain,
};

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