Why is it that TypeScript's flow analysis does not extend to the 'else' block?

Consider the code below:

function f(x : number) {
    if (x === 1) {
        if (x === 2) {} // error
    }
    else {
        if (x === 1) {} // OK
    }
}

The compiler flags an error on x === 2. This is because if the code reaches this block, x must be 1 since x === 1 passed. And as 1 and 2 are distinct, it's impossible for x to be both.

Surprisingly, the compiler allows the second x === 1 within the else statement. This seems illogical because x already failed the check for x === 1 in the initial if. Since x cannot simultaneously satisfy x === 1 and !(x === 1), the second if should generate the same error as x === 2.

How can this happen? Is it an unimplemented feature of complex flow analysis? Is it a bug? Or could there be some hidden logic that ultimately makes sense in this scenario?

Thank you.

Answer №1

Typescript lacks the ability to define a type that is not inclusive, like specifying number but excluding a specific number.

For instance, when you write:

if (x === 1) { x } // x is type: 1

The compiler understands that in that block, x is of type 1. This works fine because 1 is a valid and clear type. It's easy for the compiler to determine statically that 1 === 2 will never be true.

However, in the else block:

if (x === 1) { x }
else { x } // x is type: number

In this case, x becomes type number, as the type system cannot represent "all numbers except 1". Hence, the compiler is unable to guarantee that the code path within the else block will not be executed, even though it may seem obvious to you.


This limitation is part of the Typescript type system's imperfections. Although Typescript is not flawless, it serves as an overlay on another language, so compromises are inevitable.

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