Access object attributes in a way that ensures type safety throughout the iteration process

My dilemma involves an unchangeable class Settings with a multitude of attributes, and my goal is to find a simple method to create a modified version. Initially, I approached this challenge by implementing the following code:

class Settings {
    private constructor(public readonly a: number, 
        public readonly b: number) {
    }

    static newSettings() {
        return new Settings(1, 2);
    }

    withA(a: number) {
        return new Settings(a, this.b);
    }

    withB(a: number) {
        return new Settings(this.a, b);
    }
}

This approach mirrors how I handle such tasks in Java (with assistance from Lombok for generating boilerplate). However, as my project grew, I realized that this method was not scalable. Subsequently, I transitioned to a different strategy:

interface ISettings {
    readonly a?: number
    readonly b?: number
}

class Settings implements ISettings {
    readonly a: number = 1
    readonly b: number = 2

    private constructor(base?: ISettings, overrides?: ISettings) {
        for (const k of Object.keys(this)) {
            // @ts-ignore
            this[k] = overrides?.[k] ?? base?.[k] ?? this[k]; // <---- PROBLEM
        }
    }

    static newSettings() {
        return new Settings();
    }

    with(overrides: ISettings) {
        return new Settings(this, overrides);
    }
}

This revised implementation works effectively, although it necessitated the use of @ts-ignore for one line, which, in my opinion, should ideally function smoothly without any need for additional intervention.

While options like immerjs offer enhanced functionality, my main concern remains focused on achieving correct typings. How can I ensure that the typifications are accurate?

Answer №1

Determining the Root Cause

Initially, it is important to note that Object.keys will consistently return a string type due to the structural typing in TypeScript.

The fundamental principle of TypeScript’s structural type system states that x is considered compatible with y if y possesses at least the same members as x

Essentially, this implies that TypeScript permits subtypes to be supplied; meaning a value with additional members/fields can be passed, resulting in Object.keys returning more keys than anticipated.

An illustration of this behavior can be seen below:

type X = { a: string };
type Y = X & { b: string };

function f(x: X) {
  return Object.keys(x);
}

const y = { a: 'a', b: 'b' };
f(y); // Although there are extra keys compared to X, no error occurs

Potential Solution

To address this issue, I would suggest the following approach:

private constructor(base?: ISettings, overrides?: ISettings) {
    const keys = Object.keys(this) as (keyof ISettings)[]
    for (const k of keys) {
      // k represents a | b
      this[k] = overrides?.[k] ?? base?.[k] ?? this[k];
    }
  }

Given the behavior of Object.keys, utilizing a type assertion through as seems to be the most effective solution in this case.

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