Confusing Error and Misunderstanding Related to Generic Function Subtyping Constraints

I had an idea to create a simple wrapper function using TypeScript. After some trial and error, I was able to make it work with the following code:

export function logFn<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
  fn: T,
): (...args: Parameters<T>) => ReturnType<T>  {
  const log = (...args: Parameters<T>): ReturnType<T> => {
    console.log('log')
    return fn(...args)
  }
  return log
}

Although this solution works and satisfies the compiler, I originally attempted something that looked like this:

export function logFn<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
  fn: T,
): T  {
  const log: T = (...args) => {
    console.log('log')
    return fn(...args)
  }
  return log
}

However, I encountered an error at the declaration of the log variable with the message:

Type '(...args: any[]) => any' is not assignable to type 'T'.
  '(...args: any[]) => any' is assignable to the constraint of type 'T', but 'T' could be instantiated with a different subtype of constraint '(...args: any[]) => any'.

It seems there is a subtype relationship constraint at play that is causing confusion for me. I am hoping someone with a better understanding of this concept can provide an explanation that will help clarify things for me and reduce my confusion about this behavior (which I believe is correct).

Answer №1

The main issue at hand is as follows:

T extends (...args: any[]) => any

To better understand, let's take a look at the following snippet:

export function logFn<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: T): T {
  return (a, b) => fn(a, b);
}

You can see that there is an error being thrown

Type '(a: any, b: any) => any' is not assignable to type 'T'. '(a: any, b: any) => any' fits within the constraints of type 'T', but 'T' could potentially be instantiated with a different subtype of constraint '(...args: any[]) => any'.

Both examples below are valid under the condition of

T extends (...args: any[]) => any

  1. logFn((a, b) => a + b)
  2. logFn((a, b, c) => c)

However, if you refer back to the code provided above, specifically the inner definition:

return (a, b) => fn(a, b);

This is where option 2 will produce an error, prompting TypeScript to warn you about it.

logFn<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: T): T

In this context, we are expecting to receive a type T and then return the same type T. Although return (a, b) => fn(a, b); does fall under the category of (...args: any[]) => any, how can you guarantee that the value passed to fn (T) aligns with that specific signature? There is potential for it to be another incompatible subtype of (...args: any[]) => any.

I hope I have clarified this well enough, based on my interpretation

The reason your workaround works is because by introducing

(...args: Parameters<T>) => ReturnType<T>
, you are indicating to the compiler that the parameters and return types must match those of the supplied function, rather than just any arbitrary function definition represented by T.

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