Exploring Typescript: grasping the concept of `<X extends Y>`

Sorry for the basic question title, but I'm at a loss for words to describe my query concisely.

Here's the situation:

type Data = {
  id: number
  name: string
}

function func(): Partial<Data> {
  return { name: '' } // ok
}

function wrap<T extends Data>() {
  function func(): Partial<T> {
    return { name: '' } // Type '{ name: ""; }' is not assignable to type 'Partial<T>'
  }
}

The error in the second scenario is completely puzzling to me.

From what I understand, the extends keyword in the function constrains T to be a subtype of the specified type. So, if any subtype of my Data type is required to have id: number and name: string, then why doesn't { name: '' } suffice as Partial<T>?

Answer №1

This issue arises due to the fact that when X extends Y in a generic type declaration, it implies that X must encompass all properties of Y, while also potentially having additional properties of its own. The key objective is to provide a comprehensive structure of all inputs to a generic entity (such as a class or function). For example, attempting to invoke a function like this:

wrap<Data & {x: number}>();

will not result in an error because the structure of Data is deemed adequate. However, returning T or Partial<T> would be inappropriate as the consumer using the function could potentially call it as shown above, leading to inconsistency since T would be equivalent to Data & {x: number}, resulting in the return type being different.

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