Substituting generic type in inherited class method results in error message: "Property 'x' in type 'y' cannot be assigned to the property with the same name in the base class 'Parent'."

Here is the code snippet I am working with:

class BaseModel {
  protected getAttribute<T extends BaseModel>(): keyof T | null {
    return null;
  }
}

class Payment extends BaseModel {}
class Item extends BaseModel {}

class Sale extends BaseModel {
  value?: number;
  payment?: Payment;
  items?: Item[];

  protected override getAttribute(): keyof Sale | null {
    return 'payment';
  }
}

This representation is a simplified version of the actual code. The getAttribute function performs additional tasks, but cracking this simple implementation will help resolve my issue. My goal is to override the getAttribute function in the parent class BaseModel with the child's unique implementation. The function should only return properties existing in Sale or any other child of BaseModel. However, when attempting to do so in Sale, I encountered the following error:

Property 'getAttribute' in type 'Sale' cannot be assigned to the same property in base type 'BaseModel'.
Type '() => keyof Sale | null' is not compatible with type '<T extends BaseModel>() => keyof T | null'.
Type 'keyof Sale | null' is not assignable to type 'keyof T | null'.
Type 'string' cannot be assigned to type 'keyof T'.
Type 'string' cannot be assigned to type 'never'.

I attempted changing the getAttribute function in Sale to:

protected override getAttribute<T extends Sale>(): keyof T | null {
     return 'payment'; 
}  

However, this alteration also proved unsuccessful. Since Sale is a class that extends BaseModel, shouldn't Sale be equivalent to T? Any insights on how to correct this issue would be greatly appreciated.

Answer №1

Issue with the following code:

class BaseModel {
  protected getAttribute<T extends BaseModel>(): keyof T | null {
    return null;
  }
}

lies in the fact that getAttribute() is a generic function where the type parameter T is tied to the call signature, making it determined by the caller. This means that whoever invokes getAttribute() defines what type of data it will work with, not the person who writes the method itself. Therefore, the BaseModel class accepts any T constrained to BaseModel, chosen by the caller, and returns keyof T or null. Trying to override getAttribute() in subclasses with different functionality indicates an incorrect placement of generics.


To overcome this issue, we need to make the BaseModel class itself generic rather than just the getAttribute() method. By modifying the code as shown below, we can achieve the desired behavior:

class BaseModel<T extends BaseModel<T>> {
  protected getAttribute(): keyof T | null {
    return null;
  }
}

class Payment extends BaseModel<Payment> { }
class Item extends BaseModel<Item> { }

class Sale extends BaseModel<Sale> {
  value?: number;
  payment?: Payment;
  items?: Item[];

  protected override getAttribute(): keyof Sale | null {
    return 'payment';
  }
}

This alteration ensures that getAttribute() now only works within the context specified by the defining class. This change simplifies the usage of generics and allows for more clarity in the inheritance structure.

Additionally, there is another approach involving the use of this type instead of explicit generics which can also be considered for certain scenarios. The updated implementation using this type is provided below:

class BaseModel {
  protected getAttribute(): keyof this | null {
    return null;
  }
}

class Payment extends BaseModel { }
class Item extends BaseModel { }

class Sale extends BaseModel {
  value?: number;
  payment?: Payment;
  items?: Item[];

  protected override getAttribute(): keyof Sale | null {
    return 'payment';
  }
}

This way, the code remains concise and flexible, adapting easily to changing requirements. Depending on your specific needs, both approaches can be utilized effectively while maintaining code readability and maintenance.

Playground link to code

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