The error message in TypeScript states: `Cannot assign type 'number' to type '{}[]'`

Imagine creating a basic function that doubles its input:

> let f1: (x: number) => number = x => x * 2;
> .type f1
let f1: (x: number) => number

To double the first value, you can use either of these methods:

let f2 = R.pipe( R.take(1), f1 );
let f2 = R.pipe( R.head, f1 );

Both of these examples work when using f2([5,4,3]), but TypeScript may present challenges:

> let f2 = R.pipe( R.take(1), f1 );
[eval].ts(6,29): error TS2345: Argument of type '(x: number) => number' is not assignable to parameter of type '(x: {}[]) => number'.
  Types of parameters 'x' and 'x' are incompatible.
    Type '{}[]' is not assignable to type 'number'.

> let f2 = R.pipe( R.head, f1 );
[eval].ts(6,26): error TS2345: Argument of type '(x: number) => number' is not assignable to parameter of type '(x: string) => number'.
  Types of parameters 'x' and 'x' are incompatible.
    Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.

If you're unsure how to interpret,

Type '{}[]' is not assignable to type 'number'.

and why it mentions string in the error message,

Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.

(even though there's no mention of string), you're not alone!

Answer №1

The main issue at hand is the struggle TypeScript faces with higher-order generic functions as highlighted in this GitHub thread: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/9366.

Typically, when passing a generic function like R.take(n) or R.head into another function such as R.pipe, TypeScript fails to preserve free generic type parameters and ends up automatically inferring them. In many cases, these inferred parameters end up being {}, representing an empty type.

In the case of your second example involving R.head, it infers a string due to the fact that R.head actually has two overloads:

// taken from ramda/index.d.ts
head<T>(list: ReadonlyArray<T>): T | undefined;
head(list: string): string;

Since TypeScript struggles to determine which overload to use (since you haven't provided either a string or an array), it simply defaults to one. Typically, it selects the last defined overload, as explained further here: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/13570

To resolve these issues and make your instances function correctly, you will need to manually specify the generic parameters to guide TypeScript in making accurate decisions:

let f4 = R.pipe<number[], number, number>( R.head, f1 );

Regarding your example involving R.take(n), Ramda states that even if properly typed, it may not work as expected since it returns an array rather than a singular value:

// taken from ramda/index.d.ts
take<T>(n: number): {
    (xs: string): string;
    (xs: ReadonlyArray<T>): T[];
};

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