The .ts document is not recognized as a TypeScript module

Check out this SystemJS + TypeScript plunk, which was created using the official Angular plunk template.

An error is being thrown:

(SystemJS) SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration

at eval ()

...

This error occurs when the .ts file is treated as regular JavaScript, especially if it lacks import or export statements:

main.ts

const foo: boolean = 'foo';

console.log(foo);

config.js

System.config({
  transpiler: 'typescript',
  typescriptOptions: {
    emitDecoratorMetadata: true
  },
  paths: {
    'npm:': 'https://unpkg.com/'
  },
  map: {

    'app': './src',
    ...
  },
  packages: {
    app: {
      main: './main.ts',
      defaultExtension: 'ts'
    },
    ...
  }
});

index.html

...
<script src="https://unpkg.com/<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="6b1812181f0e0601182b5b455a5245585a">[email protected]</a>/dist/system.js"></script>
<script src="config.js"></script>
<script>
System.import('app')
  .catch(console.error.bind(console));
</script>
...

However, the same plunk works smoothly with ES6 module indicators present:

main.ts

const foo: boolean = 'foo';

console.log(foo);

export default null;

If a file has a .ts extension, it should ideally be interpreted as TypeScript, regardless of whether it imports anything or not.

Why does this issue occur in this particular setup? And what steps can be taken to resolve it?

Answer №1

Here is a breakdown of how SystemJS is expected to function:

> System.import('app')
  - Where can 'app' be found?
> map: { 'app': './src', ...
  - Ah, 'app' is located at './src'
  - './src' ??
> packages: { app: { main: './main.ts',
  - Got it, './src/main.ts'
> ./src/main.ts
  - What format is this in??
  - 'system' ? -> No
  - 'esm' ? -> No (if YES, use transpiler: 'typescript')
  - 'amd' ? -> No
  - 'cjs' ? -> No
  - 'global' ? -> Yes -> No need for transpiler.
> evaluate ./src/main.ts
  - What does ':string' mean in JavaScript?
  - Exception!!!

Module format detection

If the module format is not specified, an automatic regular-expression-based detection method is used. While this method may not always be accurate, it works well for most scenarios.

If auto-detection fails, manual specification is required.

Method 1: Add indicators to source code

ex1: include export (as shown in question)

const foo: boolean = 'foo';
console.log(foo);
export default null;

ex2: include export

export const foo: boolean = 'foo';
console.log(foo);

Method 2: Include format configuration

ex1: specify format in packages / path / meta / pattern(./main.ts or ./*.ts) / format

packages: {
    app: {
      main: './main.ts',
      defaultExtension: 'ts',
      meta: {
       './main.ts': {
           format: 'esm'
        }
      } 
    }

ex2: specify format in packages / path / format

packages: {
    app: {
      main: './main.ts',
      defaultExtension: 'ts',
      format: 'esm'
    }
}

ex3: specify format in meta / pattern (with app/ prefix) / format (outside packages)

meta: {
    'app/main.ts': {
        format: 'esm'
    }
}

Answer №2

Important Note: I want to clarify that my insights are based on limited debugging knowledge, and I'm open to any feedback or corrections from those with more expertise in this subject.

SystemJS relies on correctly determining the module format in order to perform transpilation. If the module format is not specified, it utilizes a quick heuristic approach to try and identify it (essentially using a regular expression on the source code). This heuristic method is effective when the import statement is present but may fail if it's absent. To address this issue in your configuration, you need to explicitly specify the module format within the package definition like this:

app: {
  main: './main.js',
  defaultExtension: 'js',
  format:'cjs' // << Explicit Module format.
},

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