What causes an inference site to have varying effects when accessed directly versus when it is retrieved from a function?

Below is the provided code snippet :

declare class BaseClass<TValue = any> {
  value: TValue;
  foo(value: TValue): void;
}

type Wrapped<T> = { value: T }

declare class ConcreteClasss<TValue> extends BaseClass<TValue> {
  constructor(value: Wrapped<TValue> | TValue);

  override foo(value: TValue | Wrapped<TValue>): void;
}

const valuesOf = <V>(base: BaseClass<V>): V => base.value;


const base = new ConcreteClasss('Alma');
    //^?

const value = base.value;
    //^? string

const value2 = valuesOf(base);
    //^? string | Wrapped<string>

Playground

It appears that the foo method serves as an inference site.

However, there seems to be a discrepancy in the type of value when accessed through a helper function. Why is this?

Answer №1

When utilizing valuesOf(base), TypeScript must deduce the type V by interpreting a value of type ConcreteClass<string> as a value of type BaseClass<V>. This essentially translates to

type V = ConcreteClass<string> extends BaseClass<infer V> ? V : never
. The resulting type is string | Wrapped<string> because TypeScript infers V from foo, possibly due to methods being bivariant in their parameters. Although the implementation of valuesOf references base.value, the only available type for that reference is V, which resolves to string | WrappedString<T>.

If you wish for valuesOf(base) to yield the precise type of base.value, then you should make the function generic in the type of base, like so:

const valuesOf =
  <B extends BaseClass<any>>(base: B): B['value'] => base.value

The return type of the function has been clearly annotated using the indexed access type B['value'] to avoid any unintended generic object widening, as detailed in microsoft/TypeScript#33181.

Following these adjustments, you will achieve the desired outcome:

const value2 = valuesOf(base);
//    ^? const value2: string;

This conforms to your intended result.

Click here for the Playground link to code

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