What causes the return value type in a functional interface to be loosely implemented in Typescript?

In an attempt to explain a specific partial type of return value for a functional interface, I have encountered an issue.

Within my IStore interface, there is only one property called test. When assigning this interface to the function foo, which returns a hashmap with additional properties, TypeScript does not raise any errors. However, I require TypeScript to throw an error when the returned value from foo does not strictly match with Partial<IStore>. This should happen without explicitly specifying the return value for foo.

interface IStore {test: string;}
type IFunction<S> = (store: S) => Partial<S>;

// No TypeScript errors are raised. Why?
// This is unsatisfactory for me.
const foo1: IFunction<IStore> = () => ({
  test: '',
  test2: '' // why no errors in this row?
});

// TypeScript error,
// It is functional, but not meeting my requirements
const foo2: IFunction<IStore> = (): IStore => ({
  test: '',
  test2: '' // error here
});


// In contrast...
// No TypeScript errors are raised
// This is acceptable
const foo3: IFunction<IStore> = () => ({
  test: ''
});

// Additionally...
// TypeScript error: Type '{ test2: string; }' has no properties
// in common with type 'Partial<IStore>'
// This is acceptable
const foo4: IFunction<IStore> = () => ({
  test2: ''
});

How can I trigger an error similar to "case 2" (foo2) in "case 1" (foo1) without using ... (): IStore => ...?

Answer №1

There are times when Typescript enforces strict property checks, and other times when it does not. When a colon is used, it always enforces strict property checks (except for function arguments). Without the use of a colon, Typescript compares the structure to determine if it matches that of the alias. If true, the types are considered compatible, which is the foundation of structural typing. The colon check pertains to the nearest colon within scope.

When a colon is applied to the ReturnType in IStore or Partial, only {test: string} or {} are allowed; no excess properties are permitted. For example:

const foo2 = (): Partial<IStore> => ({}); // this is allowed but...
const foo2 = (): Partial<IStore> => ({notAllowed: true}); // this is not allowed

Without the use of a colon, a structural type-check is performed with excess properties turned off within the context of the type alias for the function.

type IFunction<S> = (store: S) => Partial<S>;

const foo1: IFunction<IStore> = () => ({
  test: '',
  test2: '' // why are there no errors in this line?
});

This may create confusion as both code snippets involve a colon, but the key difference lies in the placement of the colon. In functions, the colon on the left will only enforce strict property checks on the function arguments, not on the ReturnType.

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