What is the process for defining an opaque type in programming?

[ This is not this ]

Take a look at this snippet of code:

interface Machine<OpaqueType> {
    get(): OpaqueType,
    update(t: OpaqueType);
}

const f = <U, V>(uMachine: Machine<U>, vMachine: Machine<V>) => {
    const u = uMachine.get();
    vMachine.update(u);
}

The error shown when trying to compile the last line reads as follows: “Argument of type 'U' is not assignable to parameter of type 'V'. 'V' could be instantiated with an arbitrary type which could be unrelated to 'U'.”

Indeed! I have two machines that can each handle their own parts independently but not together without explicit coordination.

However, the usage of <U, V> seems unnecessary. The function doesn't really care about the specific types involved. It would be ideal to write it in a simpler way like this:

const f = (uMachine: Machine<unknown>, vMachine: Machine<unknown>) => {
    const u = uMachine.get();
    vMachine.update(u);
}

This version should also be flagged for compilation errors since one unknown type may not necessarily align with another unknown type.

Is there a way to communicate this requirement using Typescript?

Edit: It's important that the second version does not compile. I want the compiler to catch any mistakes in this scenario.

Answer №1

Could it be a possibility that you are in search of just one generic type parameter instead of two?

const f = <T,>(machine1: Machine<T>, machine2: Machine<T>) => {
    const data = machine1.get();
    machine2.update(data);
}

These two machines can have any types as long as they match, but they cannot collaborate if their types differ.

Answer №2

If you want to use vMachine.update(u), then the type U must be compatible with the type V. This can be ensured in your generic function by specifying a constraint that requires U to extend V.

const f = <U extends V, V>(uMachine: Machine<U>, vMachine: Machine<V>) => {
    const u = uMachine.get();
    vMachine.update(u);
}

Now, the Machine<U> which provides the value must have an underlying type that can be accepted by Machine<V>.

For example, if you have two machines where one accepts a union of string literals and the other accepts any string:

declare const machineStringLiteral: Machine<'abc' | 'def'>
declare const machineAnyString: Machine<string>

When using the function f:

f(machineStringLiteral, machineAnyString) // valid
f(machineAnyString, machineStringLiteral) // error
// Argument of type 'Machine<string>' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Machine<"abc" | "def">'.
//   Type 'string' is not assignable to type '"abc" | "def"'.(2345)

This behavior is expected because a general type like string cannot be assigned to specific string literals such as

"abc" | "def"

Check playground for demonstration

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