A TypeScript generic function designed to accept either two arrays or two objects, but not a combination of both

Currently, I am creating an extend function in TypeScript that has the capability to:

  • Update the first object with the keys/values of the second when given two objects.
  • Append the elements of the second array to the first array when provided with two arrays.

For example:

  • extend({a: 1}, {b: 2})  → {a: 1, b: 2}
  • extend([1], [2]) → [1, 2]

This particular function is designed to work only with either two arrays or two objects, not one type mixed with another.

I am currently struggling to define the appropriate type signature for it. Ideally, it should be something along the lines of:

function extend<A, B, StrOrNum extends (string|number)>(
    a: {[key: StrOrNum]: A},
    b: {[key: StrOrNum]: B}): {[key: StrOrNum]: A&B} {
  ..
}

However, upon compilation using tsc, I encounter an error stating that index signatures are limited to only 'string' or 'number':

[ts] An index signature parameter type must be 'string' or 'number'.
(parameter) key: StrOrNum extends string | number

If this were a scenario involving type definition files, I could easily define two function overloads. But can a similar approach be taken during implementation? Or does this issue signify that the function itself lacks coherence—hinting at the need to split it into separate functions like extendObject and extendArray?

Answer №1

One approach you could take is utilizing options interfaces:

interface ObjectOptions<T> { a: {[key: string]: T}, b: {[key: string]: T} }
interface ArrayOptions<T> { a: Array<T>, b: Array<T>; }
function extend<T>(params: ObjectOptions<T>|ArrayOptions<T>) { }
extend({a:[1],b:{k:1}}); // error

In some scenarios, it is possible to extend a class like Foo with an interface that defines the overload as well, although this may not be advisable. It can be more complicated compared to having separate functions tailored for specific tasks such as concat for arrays and merge for objects.

Could it be that this function is unclear—perhaps the type system is indicating something...

Indeed. A map based on objects versus a map based on arrays may cause confusion. It's essential for your function to handle these two types of maps consistently - manipulating an array should not result in:

extend([1], [2]) → [1, 2]

Instead, it should yield:

extend([1], [2]) → [2]
extend([1, 2], [7, undefined, 8]) → [7, 2, 8]

When working with new TypeScript code and facing challenges with overloads, consider creating separate methods rather than attempting to workaround type checks within a single method. This approach offers smoother refactoring processes.

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